Preimplantation genetic screening using comprehensive chromosome screening: evidence and remaining challenges.

Sir, We read with great interest a recent systematic review by Lee et al. published inyour journal evaluating the clinical effectivenessofpreimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy in all 24 chromosomes (PGD-A) (Lee et al., 2015). The authors conclude that, for the time being, the role for PGD-A remains uncertain regarding its clinicaland costeffectiveness. In our opinion, a number of observations need to be addressed with regards to the implication of their findings. First, in order to ensure standard nomenclature in preimplantation genetics, it must be made clear that what the authors refer to as PGD-A is otherwise known as preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). The term ‘PGD’ should be reserved for patientscarrying specificgenetic disorders inwhichapreimplantationdiagnosis for the abnormality in question is desired. Secondly, the authors reach their conclusion through a systematic review of studies with varied levels of evidence including both randomized control trials (RCTs) and observational studies. In the presence of level I evidence from RCTs, the inclusion of lower level evidence in a systematic review may induce erroneous conclusions and adversely impact clinical practice. A recent systematic review by our team (Dahdouh et al., 2015) restricted only to RCTs dealing with PGS using comprehensive chromosome screening (CCS) technology (Yang et al., 2012; Forman et al., 2013; Scott et al., 2013a) concluded that the use of PGS-CCS for the purpose of embryo selection in good-prognosis patients with normal ovarian reserve was favourable. Implantation rates (IR) were improved in the three RCTs with PGS-CCS following blastocyst biopsy. Using this approach, elective single embryo transfer (eSET) is optimized by improving the chance of delivering a healthy term singleton.With the high IR reported using PGS-CCS, eSET practice should be the standard of care. According to our review, the minimal standard for the success of this technology in today’s practice should be having enough experience with embryo biopsy and extended embryo culture, and validating the genetic platforms for CCS in order not to discard normal euploid embryos. We agree that the use of PGS with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) following cleavage-stage biopsy did not confer any advantageous results in IVF practice. However, in our opinion, the reason was not primarily related to the FISH technology,where up to 80%of embryonic aneuploidy can be diagnosed using 12 probes, but rather to the combination of FISH and day-3 embryo biopsy. Cleavage-stage biopsy might have been deleterious on embryo development under certain circumstances (e.g. retrieving two blastomeres, biopsy on poor quality embryos). In level I evidence data comparing day-3 to day-5 embryo biopsies (Scott et al., 2013b), cleavage-stage biopsy was associated with a 39% decrease in implantation potential, whereas no impact on embryo development was observed following blastocyst biopsy. A valid criticism regarding this paper was that IR in both day-3 and day-5 embryos were surprisingly equivalent. However, some investigators reported positive clinical outcomes from RCTs on PGS applied on day-3 embryo biopsy, both with FISH (Rubio et al., 2013) and with array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) (preliminary results, ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01571076). Therefore, embryo culture conditions and biopsy media and technique, are key laboratory aspects to consider for the ideal PGS practice. In addition, the authors claim that there are no reports on subsequent embryo transfer cycles following PGS-CCS. However, some authors recently reported increased IR with subsequent euploid frozen blastocyst transfers (Yang et al., 2013).With regards to cost-effectiveness,weagree with the authors that studies performed on the cost of PGS-CCS following at least twoembryo transfer cycles comparedwith control groupswill be needed to resolve this matter. Future RCTs on PGS-CCS should be conducted on a multicentre basis, including different geographic locations, different patient populations (e.g. decreased ovarian reserve, advanced maternal age) and different embryo stage biopsy (e.g. day-3 versus day-5). We are witnessing the early days of the development of this new form of PGS; robust evidence is still needed from ongoing RCTs before it is applied on a regular basis.